Alas, RAGE does not display errors related to models, only with plugins. And if the vanilla game crashes, it's about the cars. A week later I found a solution. I don't know what exactly I did to prevent mistakes, but here is a list of my actions:
1. I downloaded these files.
https://ru.gta5-mods.com/misc/gta-5-gameconfig-300-cars
https://ru.gta5-mods.com/tools/heap-limit-adjuster-600-mb-of-heap
https://ru.gta5-mods.com/tools/packfile-limit-adjuster
It didn't help.
2. Desperate, I already wanted to remove the mods on the machine, but accidentally deleted the wrong (and maybe those) files. These were files from the mods folder, namely x64 i, x 64w, x64e. Now the game works perfectly.
(If anything, I had a replace car pack for 330 cars.)